The Torus Atomic Model: A Directional Energy-Flow Framework for Unifying Quantum and Relativistic Phenomena

Abstract This paper proposes a novel atomic model—the torus atom—where matter is fundamentally composed of closed-loop, toroidal energy flows. The model reinterprets particles as dynamic, chiral energy structures, resolving quantum mysteries such as wave-particle duality, matter-antimatter asymmetry, and the nature of…